#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
ifstream fin("infinit.in");
ofstream fout("infinit.out");

int q,a,b;

char str[10000000];


void ylc()
{
	str[0]='0';
	while (strlen(str)<b)
	{
		int k=strlen(str)-1;
		for (int i=0;i<=k;i++)
		{
			if (str[i]=='0') {str[i]='1';}else
			if (str[i]=='1')
			{
				for (int j=k;j>=i;j--)
					str[j+1]=str[j];
				str[i]='0';
				i++;k++;
			}
		}
	}

}
void make()
{
	long num=0;
	for (int i=b-1;i>=a-1;i--)
	{
		if (str[i]=='1') num++;
	}
	fout<<num;

}


int main()
{
	fin>>q;
	for (int p=1;p<=q;p++)
	{
		fin>>a>>b;
	ylc();
	make();
	}
	
	return 0;
}